Home / DTC / P0123 — Throttle/Pedal Position Sensor/Switch A Circuit High

P0123 — Throttle/Pedal Position Sensor/Switch A Circuit High

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Code

P0123

Generic P — Powertrain

Throttle/Pedal Position Sensor/Switch A Circuit High

Brand: Generic
Views: UK: 30 EN: 57 RU: 31
AI status
Completed
ready
Completed 100%
Page language: EN

Causes

  • Open, short, or damaged wiring in TPS A signal, reference, or ground circuit
  • Corroded, loose, or contaminated TPS connector or pins
  • Failed or contaminated throttle position sensor (potentiometer) or accelerator pedal position sensor
  • Short to battery voltage (constant 12V) on the TPS signal wire
  • Poor ground at sensor or ECM
  • Faulty ECM input or internal circuit failure

Symptoms

  • Check Engine Light (MIL) illuminated
  • Reduced engine power or limp-home mode
  • Erratic or poor throttle response, hesitation, or surging
  • High or unstable idle in some cases
  • Possible hesitation or stalling during throttle changes

What to check

  • Read freeze frame and stored data with a scan tool; note related codes.
  • Visually inspect TPS/accelerator pedal connector and wiring for damage, corrosion, pin push-out, or recent repair work.
  • Backprobe TPS connector and measure reference voltage (typically ~5V) with key ON, engine OFF.
  • Measure TPS signal voltage at closed throttle (key ON, engine OFF) and while moving throttle/pedal.
  • Check sensor ground continuity to chassis/ECM ground.
  • Wiggle test harness while monitoring voltage for intermittent changes.

Signal parameters

  • Reference voltage (Vref): typically about 5.0 V (±0.5 V) from ECM
  • Signal voltage at closed throttle/pedal: typically ~0.2–1.0 V (varies by vehicle); should be low
  • Signal voltage at wide-open throttle: typically ~4.0–4.8 V
  • Signal must change smoothly and monotonically with throttle/pedal movement (no jumps or drops)
  • Type: analog voltage (potentiometer) or sensor linear output — expected rising voltage with opening throttle

Diagnostic algorithm

  1. Confirm code and check for related DTCs (P0122, P0121, P0221, P2138, etc.). Record freeze frame data.
  2. Perform a visual inspection of the TPS/pedal sensor connector and wiring harness for corrosion, damage, pin push-out, or evidence of shorting.
  3. With a DVOM, backprobe the connector: verify Vref (~5V), signal voltage at rest, and ground continuity to chassis/ECM ground. If Vref is missing or out of range, suspect ECM or wiring to Vref.
  4. Check signal voltage while slowly operating the throttle or pedal. Voltage should increase smoothly from closed to open. If the voltage is high at closed or erratic, suspect short to battery or bad sensor.
  5. If signal reads near battery voltage, disconnect the sensor and recheck the circuit. If the voltage remains high with sensor disconnected, inspect wiring for short to 12V or check for aftermarket taps.
  6. Perform continuity and resistance tests between the sensor pins and ECM pins to check for opens or shorts. Repair any wiring faults found.
  7. If wiring and grounds are good but the sensor output is still high or not linear, replace the TPS/pedal position sensor and retest.
  8. If problem persists after sensor replacement, test/replace ECM or consult manufacturer-specific diagnostic procedures for internal ECM faults.
  9. Clear codes and road test; verify the code does not return and signal values remain within expected ranges.

Likely causes

  • Corroded/loose connector or pin(s) causing intermittent high voltage reading
  • Short to 12V on the TPS signal circuit (pin contact or chafed harness)
  • Failed TPS (internal short or worn potentiometer producing high voltage)
  • Faulty reference (5V) supply or poor sensor ground

Fault status

⚠️ Status
P0123 — Throttle/Pedal Position Sensor/Switch A Circuit High: ECM detects higher-than-expected voltage on the TPS A signal circuit.
🟡 Repair difficulty: Medium
⏱️ Diagnostic time: 0.5-2.0 hours
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Code

P0123

GWM P — Powertrain

- High Throttle Position Sensor / Switch A

Brand: GWM
Views: UK: 4 EN: 19 RU: 9
AI status
Completed
ready
Completed 100%
Page language: EN

Causes

  • Open, short, or damaged wiring in TPS A signal, reference, or ground circuit
  • Corroded, loose, or contaminated TPS connector or pins
  • Failed or contaminated throttle position sensor (potentiometer) or accelerator pedal position sensor
  • Short to battery voltage (constant 12V) on the TPS signal wire
  • Poor ground at sensor or ECM
  • Faulty ECM input or internal circuit failure

Symptoms

  • Check Engine Light (MIL) illuminated
  • Reduced engine power or limp-home mode
  • Erratic or poor throttle response, hesitation, or surging
  • High or unstable idle in some cases
  • Possible hesitation or stalling during throttle changes

What to check

  • Read freeze frame and stored data with a scan tool; note related codes.
  • Visually inspect TPS/accelerator pedal connector and wiring for damage, corrosion, pin push-out, or recent repair work.
  • Backprobe TPS connector and measure reference voltage (typically ~5V) with key ON, engine OFF.
  • Measure TPS signal voltage at closed throttle (key ON, engine OFF) and while moving throttle/pedal.
  • Check sensor ground continuity to chassis/ECM ground.
  • Wiggle test harness while monitoring voltage for intermittent changes.

Signal parameters

  • Reference voltage (Vref): typically about 5.0 V (±0.5 V) from ECM
  • Signal voltage at closed throttle/pedal: typically ~0.2–1.0 V (varies by vehicle); should be low
  • Signal voltage at wide-open throttle: typically ~4.0–4.8 V
  • Signal must change smoothly and monotonically with throttle/pedal movement (no jumps or drops)
  • Type: analog voltage (potentiometer) or sensor linear output — expected rising voltage with opening throttle

Diagnostic algorithm

  1. Confirm code and check for related DTCs (P0122, P0121, P0221, P2138, etc.). Record freeze frame data.
  2. Perform a visual inspection of the TPS/pedal sensor connector and wiring harness for corrosion, damage, pin push-out, or evidence of shorting.
  3. With a DVOM, backprobe the connector: verify Vref (~5V), signal voltage at rest, and ground continuity to chassis/ECM ground. If Vref is missing or out of range, suspect ECM or wiring to Vref.
  4. Check signal voltage while slowly operating the throttle or pedal. Voltage should increase smoothly from closed to open. If the voltage is high at closed or erratic, suspect short to battery or bad sensor.
  5. If signal reads near battery voltage, disconnect the sensor and recheck the circuit. If the voltage remains high with sensor disconnected, inspect wiring for short to 12V or check for aftermarket taps.
  6. Perform continuity and resistance tests between the sensor pins and ECM pins to check for opens or shorts. Repair any wiring faults found.
  7. If wiring and grounds are good but the sensor output is still high or not linear, replace the TPS/pedal position sensor and retest.
  8. If problem persists after sensor replacement, test/replace ECM or consult manufacturer-specific diagnostic procedures for internal ECM faults.
  9. Clear codes and road test; verify the code does not return and signal values remain within expected ranges.

Likely causes

  • Corroded/loose connector or pin(s) causing intermittent high voltage reading
  • Short to 12V on the TPS signal circuit (pin contact or chafed harness)
  • Failed TPS (internal short or worn potentiometer producing high voltage)
  • Faulty reference (5V) supply or poor sensor ground

Fault status

⚠️ Status
P0123 — Throttle/Pedal Position Sensor/Switch A Circuit High: ECM detects higher-than-expected voltage on the TPS A signal circuit.
🟡 Repair difficulty: Medium
⏱️ Diagnostic time: 0.5-2.0 hours
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Code

P0123

HUMMER P — Powertrain

Throttle Position (TP) Sensor Circuit High Voltage

Brand: HUMMER
Views: UK: 12 EN: 29 RU: 15
AI status
Completed
ready
Completed 100%
Page language: EN

Causes

  • Open, short, or damaged wiring in TPS A signal, reference, or ground circuit
  • Corroded, loose, or contaminated TPS connector or pins
  • Failed or contaminated throttle position sensor (potentiometer) or accelerator pedal position sensor
  • Short to battery voltage (constant 12V) on the TPS signal wire
  • Poor ground at sensor or ECM
  • Faulty ECM input or internal circuit failure

Symptoms

  • Check Engine Light (MIL) illuminated
  • Reduced engine power or limp-home mode
  • Erratic or poor throttle response, hesitation, or surging
  • High or unstable idle in some cases
  • Possible hesitation or stalling during throttle changes

What to check

  • Read freeze frame and stored data with a scan tool; note related codes.
  • Visually inspect TPS/accelerator pedal connector and wiring for damage, corrosion, pin push-out, or recent repair work.
  • Backprobe TPS connector and measure reference voltage (typically ~5V) with key ON, engine OFF.
  • Measure TPS signal voltage at closed throttle (key ON, engine OFF) and while moving throttle/pedal.
  • Check sensor ground continuity to chassis/ECM ground.
  • Wiggle test harness while monitoring voltage for intermittent changes.

Signal parameters

  • Reference voltage (Vref): typically about 5.0 V (±0.5 V) from ECM
  • Signal voltage at closed throttle/pedal: typically ~0.2–1.0 V (varies by vehicle); should be low
  • Signal voltage at wide-open throttle: typically ~4.0–4.8 V
  • Signal must change smoothly and monotonically with throttle/pedal movement (no jumps or drops)
  • Type: analog voltage (potentiometer) or sensor linear output — expected rising voltage with opening throttle

Diagnostic algorithm

  1. Confirm code and check for related DTCs (P0122, P0121, P0221, P2138, etc.). Record freeze frame data.
  2. Perform a visual inspection of the TPS/pedal sensor connector and wiring harness for corrosion, damage, pin push-out, or evidence of shorting.
  3. With a DVOM, backprobe the connector: verify Vref (~5V), signal voltage at rest, and ground continuity to chassis/ECM ground. If Vref is missing or out of range, suspect ECM or wiring to Vref.
  4. Check signal voltage while slowly operating the throttle or pedal. Voltage should increase smoothly from closed to open. If the voltage is high at closed or erratic, suspect short to battery or bad sensor.
  5. If signal reads near battery voltage, disconnect the sensor and recheck the circuit. If the voltage remains high with sensor disconnected, inspect wiring for short to 12V or check for aftermarket taps.
  6. Perform continuity and resistance tests between the sensor pins and ECM pins to check for opens or shorts. Repair any wiring faults found.
  7. If wiring and grounds are good but the sensor output is still high or not linear, replace the TPS/pedal position sensor and retest.
  8. If problem persists after sensor replacement, test/replace ECM or consult manufacturer-specific diagnostic procedures for internal ECM faults.
  9. Clear codes and road test; verify the code does not return and signal values remain within expected ranges.

Likely causes

  • Corroded/loose connector or pin(s) causing intermittent high voltage reading
  • Short to 12V on the TPS signal circuit (pin contact or chafed harness)
  • Failed TPS (internal short or worn potentiometer producing high voltage)
  • Faulty reference (5V) supply or poor sensor ground

Fault status

⚠️ Status
P0123 — Throttle/Pedal Position Sensor/Switch A Circuit High: ECM detects higher-than-expected voltage on the TPS A signal circuit.
🟡 Repair difficulty: Medium
⏱️ Diagnostic time: 0.5-2.0 hours
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Code

P0123

ISUZU P — Powertrain

Throttle Position Sensor Circuit High

Brand: ISUZU
Views: UK: 22 EN: 48 RU: 20
AI status
Completed
ready
Completed 100%
Page language: EN

Causes

  • Open, short, or damaged wiring in TPS A signal, reference, or ground circuit
  • Corroded, loose, or contaminated TPS connector or pins
  • Failed or contaminated throttle position sensor (potentiometer) or accelerator pedal position sensor
  • Short to battery voltage (constant 12V) on the TPS signal wire
  • Poor ground at sensor or ECM
  • Faulty ECM input or internal circuit failure

Symptoms

  • Check Engine Light (MIL) illuminated
  • Reduced engine power or limp-home mode
  • Erratic or poor throttle response, hesitation, or surging
  • High or unstable idle in some cases
  • Possible hesitation or stalling during throttle changes

What to check

  • Read freeze frame and stored data with a scan tool; note related codes.
  • Visually inspect TPS/accelerator pedal connector and wiring for damage, corrosion, pin push-out, or recent repair work.
  • Backprobe TPS connector and measure reference voltage (typically ~5V) with key ON, engine OFF.
  • Measure TPS signal voltage at closed throttle (key ON, engine OFF) and while moving throttle/pedal.
  • Check sensor ground continuity to chassis/ECM ground.
  • Wiggle test harness while monitoring voltage for intermittent changes.

Signal parameters

  • Reference voltage (Vref): typically about 5.0 V (±0.5 V) from ECM
  • Signal voltage at closed throttle/pedal: typically ~0.2–1.0 V (varies by vehicle); should be low
  • Signal voltage at wide-open throttle: typically ~4.0–4.8 V
  • Signal must change smoothly and monotonically with throttle/pedal movement (no jumps or drops)
  • Type: analog voltage (potentiometer) or sensor linear output — expected rising voltage with opening throttle

Diagnostic algorithm

  1. Confirm code and check for related DTCs (P0122, P0121, P0221, P2138, etc.). Record freeze frame data.
  2. Perform a visual inspection of the TPS/pedal sensor connector and wiring harness for corrosion, damage, pin push-out, or evidence of shorting.
  3. With a DVOM, backprobe the connector: verify Vref (~5V), signal voltage at rest, and ground continuity to chassis/ECM ground. If Vref is missing or out of range, suspect ECM or wiring to Vref.
  4. Check signal voltage while slowly operating the throttle or pedal. Voltage should increase smoothly from closed to open. If the voltage is high at closed or erratic, suspect short to battery or bad sensor.
  5. If signal reads near battery voltage, disconnect the sensor and recheck the circuit. If the voltage remains high with sensor disconnected, inspect wiring for short to 12V or check for aftermarket taps.
  6. Perform continuity and resistance tests between the sensor pins and ECM pins to check for opens or shorts. Repair any wiring faults found.
  7. If wiring and grounds are good but the sensor output is still high or not linear, replace the TPS/pedal position sensor and retest.
  8. If problem persists after sensor replacement, test/replace ECM or consult manufacturer-specific diagnostic procedures for internal ECM faults.
  9. Clear codes and road test; verify the code does not return and signal values remain within expected ranges.

Likely causes

  • Corroded/loose connector or pin(s) causing intermittent high voltage reading
  • Short to 12V on the TPS signal circuit (pin contact or chafed harness)
  • Failed TPS (internal short or worn potentiometer producing high voltage)
  • Faulty reference (5V) supply or poor sensor ground

Fault status

⚠️ Status
P0123 — Throttle/Pedal Position Sensor/Switch A Circuit High: ECM detects higher-than-expected voltage on the TPS A signal circuit.
🟡 Repair difficulty: Medium
⏱️ Diagnostic time: 0.5-2.0 hours
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Code

P0123

LAND ROVER P — Powertrain

Throttle position sensor High input circuit

Views: UK: 9 EN: 21 RU: 10
AI status
Completed
ready
Completed 100%
Page language: EN

Causes

  • Open, short, or damaged wiring in TPS A signal, reference, or ground circuit
  • Corroded, loose, or contaminated TPS connector or pins
  • Failed or contaminated throttle position sensor (potentiometer) or accelerator pedal position sensor
  • Short to battery voltage (constant 12V) on the TPS signal wire
  • Poor ground at sensor or ECM
  • Faulty ECM input or internal circuit failure

Symptoms

  • Check Engine Light (MIL) illuminated
  • Reduced engine power or limp-home mode
  • Erratic or poor throttle response, hesitation, or surging
  • High or unstable idle in some cases
  • Possible hesitation or stalling during throttle changes

What to check

  • Read freeze frame and stored data with a scan tool; note related codes.
  • Visually inspect TPS/accelerator pedal connector and wiring for damage, corrosion, pin push-out, or recent repair work.
  • Backprobe TPS connector and measure reference voltage (typically ~5V) with key ON, engine OFF.
  • Measure TPS signal voltage at closed throttle (key ON, engine OFF) and while moving throttle/pedal.
  • Check sensor ground continuity to chassis/ECM ground.
  • Wiggle test harness while monitoring voltage for intermittent changes.

Signal parameters

  • Reference voltage (Vref): typically about 5.0 V (±0.5 V) from ECM
  • Signal voltage at closed throttle/pedal: typically ~0.2–1.0 V (varies by vehicle); should be low
  • Signal voltage at wide-open throttle: typically ~4.0–4.8 V
  • Signal must change smoothly and monotonically with throttle/pedal movement (no jumps or drops)
  • Type: analog voltage (potentiometer) or sensor linear output — expected rising voltage with opening throttle

Diagnostic algorithm

  1. Confirm code and check for related DTCs (P0122, P0121, P0221, P2138, etc.). Record freeze frame data.
  2. Perform a visual inspection of the TPS/pedal sensor connector and wiring harness for corrosion, damage, pin push-out, or evidence of shorting.
  3. With a DVOM, backprobe the connector: verify Vref (~5V), signal voltage at rest, and ground continuity to chassis/ECM ground. If Vref is missing or out of range, suspect ECM or wiring to Vref.
  4. Check signal voltage while slowly operating the throttle or pedal. Voltage should increase smoothly from closed to open. If the voltage is high at closed or erratic, suspect short to battery or bad sensor.
  5. If signal reads near battery voltage, disconnect the sensor and recheck the circuit. If the voltage remains high with sensor disconnected, inspect wiring for short to 12V or check for aftermarket taps.
  6. Perform continuity and resistance tests between the sensor pins and ECM pins to check for opens or shorts. Repair any wiring faults found.
  7. If wiring and grounds are good but the sensor output is still high or not linear, replace the TPS/pedal position sensor and retest.
  8. If problem persists after sensor replacement, test/replace ECM or consult manufacturer-specific diagnostic procedures for internal ECM faults.
  9. Clear codes and road test; verify the code does not return and signal values remain within expected ranges.

Likely causes

  • Corroded/loose connector or pin(s) causing intermittent high voltage reading
  • Short to 12V on the TPS signal circuit (pin contact or chafed harness)
  • Failed TPS (internal short or worn potentiometer producing high voltage)
  • Faulty reference (5V) supply or poor sensor ground

Fault status

⚠️ Status
P0123 — Throttle/Pedal Position Sensor/Switch A Circuit High: ECM detects higher-than-expected voltage on the TPS A signal circuit.
🟡 Repair difficulty: Medium
⏱️ Diagnostic time: 0.5-2.0 hours
Workshop Manuals

Repair manuals for LAND ROVER

3

Land Rover Defender 300Tdi — Workshop Manual (1996 model year)

Workshop Manual
Defender 300Tdi Years: 1996 Manual in English 7.5 MB
Short description

Official workshop manual for the Land Rover Defender 300Tdi (from 1996 model year). Contains specifications, adjustment, fault diagnosis and step-by-step repair and overhaul procedures for engine, transmission, axles, suspension, brakes, electrical and body. Intended for dealer workshops and trained technicians.

Contents
Key sections:
  • 01 INTRODUCTION
  • 04 GENERAL SPECIFICATION DATA
  • 05 ENGINE TUNING DATA
  • 07 GENERAL FITTING REMINDERS
  • 09 LUBRICANTS, FLUIDS AND CAPACITIES
  • 10 MAINTENANCE
  • 12 ENGINE Tdi
  • - Description and operation
  • - Fault diagnosis
  • - Adjustment
  • - Repair and overhaul procedures
  • 19 FUEL SYSTEM Tdi
Download

Land Rover Defender Workshop Manual Supplement & Body Repair Manual (1999 & 2002 MY)

Workshop Manual
Defender Years: 1999–2002 Manual in English 7.6 MB
Short description

Workshop Manual Supplement and Body Repair Manual for the Land Rover Defender. Includes general specifications, maintenance schedules, tuning data and step‑by‑step repair procedures for engine, transmission, suspension, brakes, electrical and body repairs. Covers Defender models from 1999 and 2002 model years.

Contents
Key sections:
  • 01 - INTRODUCTION
  • - Introduction
  • - Dimensions
  • - References
  • - Repairs and replacements
  • - Poisonous substances
  • - Fuel handling precautions
  • - Synthetic rubber
  • - Recommended sealants
  • - Used engine oil precautions
  • - Accessories and conversions
  • - Wheels and tyres
Download

Land Rover Range Rover — Electrical Library (LRL 0453ENG, 2002)

Workshop Manual
Manual in English Pages: 494 7.1 MB
Short description

Land Rover Range Rover Electrical Library (LRL 0453ENG). Comprehensive manual covering fuse details, earth points, system descriptions, diagnostics and connector pin-outs for electrical troubleshooting and repair. Intended for technicians and service workshops.

Contents
Key sections:
  • 1 INTRODUCTION
  • 1.1 About this document
  • 1.2 Battery voltage
  • 1.3 Electrical precautions
  • 1.4 Battery disconnecting / charging
  • 1.5 Disciplines / greases
  • 1.6 Abbreviations
  • 1.7 HeVAC, sensors abbreviations
  • 1.8 How to use this document
  • 1.9 Connector detail format
  • 1.10 Fault diagnosis
  • 1.11 Wire colour codes
Download
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Code

P0123

MITSUBISHI P — Powertrain

TPS(main) high

Views: UK: 12 EN: 30 RU: 12
AI status
Completed
ready
Completed 100%
Page language: EN

Causes

  • Open, short, or damaged wiring in TPS A signal, reference, or ground circuit
  • Corroded, loose, or contaminated TPS connector or pins
  • Failed or contaminated throttle position sensor (potentiometer) or accelerator pedal position sensor
  • Short to battery voltage (constant 12V) on the TPS signal wire
  • Poor ground at sensor or ECM
  • Faulty ECM input or internal circuit failure

Symptoms

  • Check Engine Light (MIL) illuminated
  • Reduced engine power or limp-home mode
  • Erratic or poor throttle response, hesitation, or surging
  • High or unstable idle in some cases
  • Possible hesitation or stalling during throttle changes

What to check

  • Read freeze frame and stored data with a scan tool; note related codes.
  • Visually inspect TPS/accelerator pedal connector and wiring for damage, corrosion, pin push-out, or recent repair work.
  • Backprobe TPS connector and measure reference voltage (typically ~5V) with key ON, engine OFF.
  • Measure TPS signal voltage at closed throttle (key ON, engine OFF) and while moving throttle/pedal.
  • Check sensor ground continuity to chassis/ECM ground.
  • Wiggle test harness while monitoring voltage for intermittent changes.

Signal parameters

  • Reference voltage (Vref): typically about 5.0 V (±0.5 V) from ECM
  • Signal voltage at closed throttle/pedal: typically ~0.2–1.0 V (varies by vehicle); should be low
  • Signal voltage at wide-open throttle: typically ~4.0–4.8 V
  • Signal must change smoothly and monotonically with throttle/pedal movement (no jumps or drops)
  • Type: analog voltage (potentiometer) or sensor linear output — expected rising voltage with opening throttle

Diagnostic algorithm

  1. Confirm code and check for related DTCs (P0122, P0121, P0221, P2138, etc.). Record freeze frame data.
  2. Perform a visual inspection of the TPS/pedal sensor connector and wiring harness for corrosion, damage, pin push-out, or evidence of shorting.
  3. With a DVOM, backprobe the connector: verify Vref (~5V), signal voltage at rest, and ground continuity to chassis/ECM ground. If Vref is missing or out of range, suspect ECM or wiring to Vref.
  4. Check signal voltage while slowly operating the throttle or pedal. Voltage should increase smoothly from closed to open. If the voltage is high at closed or erratic, suspect short to battery or bad sensor.
  5. If signal reads near battery voltage, disconnect the sensor and recheck the circuit. If the voltage remains high with sensor disconnected, inspect wiring for short to 12V or check for aftermarket taps.
  6. Perform continuity and resistance tests between the sensor pins and ECM pins to check for opens or shorts. Repair any wiring faults found.
  7. If wiring and grounds are good but the sensor output is still high or not linear, replace the TPS/pedal position sensor and retest.
  8. If problem persists after sensor replacement, test/replace ECM or consult manufacturer-specific diagnostic procedures for internal ECM faults.
  9. Clear codes and road test; verify the code does not return and signal values remain within expected ranges.

Likely causes

  • Corroded/loose connector or pin(s) causing intermittent high voltage reading
  • Short to 12V on the TPS signal circuit (pin contact or chafed harness)
  • Failed TPS (internal short or worn potentiometer producing high voltage)
  • Faulty reference (5V) supply or poor sensor ground

Fault status

⚠️ Status
P0123 — Throttle/Pedal Position Sensor/Switch A Circuit High: ECM detects higher-than-expected voltage on the TPS A signal circuit.
🟡 Repair difficulty: Medium
⏱️ Diagnostic time: 0.5-2.0 hours
Your experience will help others
+100 karma for a short comment :)
Send to email