P2638
Torque Management Feedback Signal A Range/Performance
Causes
- Open or short in torque feedback wiring harness
- Corroded, loose, or damaged connector at sensor or control module
- Faulty torque feedback sensor or torque sensor/actuator
- Faulty throttle actuator or related motor (if torque feedback derived from throttle system)
- Faulty PCM/TCM or internal module fault/software error
- Low or unstable battery/charging system voltage
Symptoms
- Check Engine MIL illuminated
- Reduced engine power or limp-home mode
- Poor or delayed throttle response, hesitation, or torque cut
- Transmission shifting abnormalities (depending on system integration)
- Stored DTC(s) related to torque, throttle, or control modules
What to check
- Use a scan tool to read all stored and pending DTCs and freeze-frame data
- Verify battery voltage and charging system before diagnostics (should be ~12.6 V at rest, ~13.5–14.8 V while running)
- Visually inspect wiring and connectors for damage, corrosion, loose pins, or signs of water intrusion
- Backprobe connector and monitor live data for the torque feedback signal while exercising throttle/drive conditions
- Wiggle test wiring with engine running to reproduce fault or cause data dropouts
- Check for related codes (throttle/pedal/actuator) that narrow the fault source
Signal parameters
- Exact parameters vary by vehicle; typical feedback signals are 0–5.0 V analog or a PWM signal (0–100% duty)
- Common expected idle/steady values: within mid-range voltage (≈0.5–4.5 V) and stable; sudden drops to 0 V or constant max (≈5 V) indicate fault
- If PWM: expected frequency usually tens to hundreds of Hz and duty cycle changes smoothly with throttle demand
- Compare live data to manufacturer specifications for that model
Diagnostic algorithm
- Retrieve all codes, freeze frame and live data with a capable scan tool. Note conditions when fault set.
- Verify stable battery/charging voltage. Charge or repair as needed before continuing.
- Perform visual inspection of harnesses/connectors at torque feedback sensor, throttle body, PCM/TCM. Repair obvious damage.
- Clear codes and attempt to reproduce. If intermittent, perform extended road test while monitoring live data.
- Backprobe sensor connector and measure signal with a multimeter or oscilloscope while operating throttle. Confirm signal type (analog or PWM) and compare to spec.
- Check supply voltage and ground pins for the sensor. Repair any open/high-resistance ground or supply circuits.
- Perform continuity and resistance checks between sensor and PCM/TCM to find opens/shorts to power or ground. Repair wiring as required.
- If wiring and supply/ground are good but signal is out of spec, replace the torque feedback sensor or related actuator per manufacturer procedures.
- If replacement sensor/actuator does not correct the issue, consider PCM/TCM fault—verify with module bench tests or replacement and reprogramming as required by manufacturer.
- After repairs, clear codes and perform functional/road test to confirm fault does not return.
Likely causes
- Wiring harness chafed or pinched causing intermittent contact
- Connector corrosion at sensor or module causing high resistance
- Sensor internal failure producing out-of-range voltage or PWM
- Poor ground or supply voltage to sensor/module
- Faulty module output or input circuit (PCM/TCM)
Fault status
Similar codes
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P2638
Torque Management Feedback Signal A - Range / Performance
Causes
- Open or short in torque feedback wiring harness
- Corroded, loose, or damaged connector at sensor or control module
- Faulty torque feedback sensor or torque sensor/actuator
- Faulty throttle actuator or related motor (if torque feedback derived from throttle system)
- Faulty PCM/TCM or internal module fault/software error
- Low or unstable battery/charging system voltage
Symptoms
- Check Engine MIL illuminated
- Reduced engine power or limp-home mode
- Poor or delayed throttle response, hesitation, or torque cut
- Transmission shifting abnormalities (depending on system integration)
- Stored DTC(s) related to torque, throttle, or control modules
What to check
- Use a scan tool to read all stored and pending DTCs and freeze-frame data
- Verify battery voltage and charging system before diagnostics (should be ~12.6 V at rest, ~13.5–14.8 V while running)
- Visually inspect wiring and connectors for damage, corrosion, loose pins, or signs of water intrusion
- Backprobe connector and monitor live data for the torque feedback signal while exercising throttle/drive conditions
- Wiggle test wiring with engine running to reproduce fault or cause data dropouts
- Check for related codes (throttle/pedal/actuator) that narrow the fault source
Signal parameters
- Exact parameters vary by vehicle; typical feedback signals are 0–5.0 V analog or a PWM signal (0–100% duty)
- Common expected idle/steady values: within mid-range voltage (≈0.5–4.5 V) and stable; sudden drops to 0 V or constant max (≈5 V) indicate fault
- If PWM: expected frequency usually tens to hundreds of Hz and duty cycle changes smoothly with throttle demand
- Compare live data to manufacturer specifications for that model
Diagnostic algorithm
- Retrieve all codes, freeze frame and live data with a capable scan tool. Note conditions when fault set.
- Verify stable battery/charging voltage. Charge or repair as needed before continuing.
- Perform visual inspection of harnesses/connectors at torque feedback sensor, throttle body, PCM/TCM. Repair obvious damage.
- Clear codes and attempt to reproduce. If intermittent, perform extended road test while monitoring live data.
- Backprobe sensor connector and measure signal with a multimeter or oscilloscope while operating throttle. Confirm signal type (analog or PWM) and compare to spec.
- Check supply voltage and ground pins for the sensor. Repair any open/high-resistance ground or supply circuits.
- Perform continuity and resistance checks between sensor and PCM/TCM to find opens/shorts to power or ground. Repair wiring as required.
- If wiring and supply/ground are good but signal is out of spec, replace the torque feedback sensor or related actuator per manufacturer procedures.
- If replacement sensor/actuator does not correct the issue, consider PCM/TCM fault—verify with module bench tests or replacement and reprogramming as required by manufacturer.
- After repairs, clear codes and perform functional/road test to confirm fault does not return.
Likely causes
- Wiring harness chafed or pinched causing intermittent contact
- Connector corrosion at sensor or module causing high resistance
- Sensor internal failure producing out-of-range voltage or PWM
- Poor ground or supply voltage to sensor/module
- Faulty module output or input circuit (PCM/TCM)
Fault status
Similar codes
Manual library for LAND ROVER
Browse 320 LAND ROVER manuals: repair procedures, diagnostics, wiring diagrams, component locations, service data and Labor Times by year, model and trim.
LAND ROVER
-
LAND ROVER: 2022
-
Defender
- 90
- 90
- 90 S
- 90 S
- 90 V8
- 90 V8
- 90 V8 Carpathian Edition
- 90 V8 Carpathian Edition
- 90 X
- 90 X
- 90 X-Dynamic HSE
- 90 X-Dynamic HSE
- 90 X-Dynamic S
- 90 X-Dynamic S
- 90 X-Dynamic SE
- 90 X-Dynamic SE
- 110
- 110
- 110 S
- 110 S
- 110 SE
- 110 SE
- 110 V8
- 110 V8
- 110 V8 Carpathian Edition
- 110 V8 Carpathian Edition
- 110 X
- 110 X
- 110 X-Dynamic SE
- 110 X-Dynamic SE
- 110 XS Edition
- 110 XS Edition
-
Discovery
- R-Dynamic HSE
- R-Dynamic HSE
- R-Dynamic S, 2.0L Eng VIN X · 2.0L Eng VIN X2022: Discovery R-Dynamic S
- R-Dynamic S, 2.0L Eng VIN X · 2.0L Eng VIN X2022: Discovery R-Dynamic S
- R-Dynamic S, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2022: Discovery R-Dynamic S
- R-Dynamic S, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2022: Discovery R-Dynamic S
- S
- S
-
Discovery Sport
-
Range Rover
- Autobiography, 4.4L Eng VIN 7 · 4.4L Eng VIN 72022: Range Rover Autobiography
- Autobiography, 4.4L Eng VIN 7 · 4.4L Eng VIN 72022: Range Rover Autobiography
- Autobiography, 5.0L Eng VIN E · 5.0L Eng VIN E2022: Range Rover Autobiography
- Autobiography, 5.0L Eng VIN E · 5.0L Eng VIN E2022: Range Rover Autobiography
- 2022 Range Rover Base
- 2022 Range Rover Base
- First Edition
- First Edition
- HSE Westminster, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2022: Range Rover HSE Westminster
- HSE Westminster, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2022: Range Rover HSE Westminster
- HSE Westminster, 5.0L Eng VIN E · 5.0L Eng VIN E2022: Range Rover HSE Westminster
- HSE Westminster, 5.0L Eng VIN E · 5.0L Eng VIN E2022: Range Rover HSE Westminster
- SE, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2022: Range Rover SE
- SE, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2022: Range Rover SE
- SE, 4.4L Eng VIN 7 · 4.4L Eng VIN 72022: Range Rover SE
- SE, 4.4L Eng VIN 7 · 4.4L Eng VIN 72022: Range Rover SE
- SV
- SV
- SVAutobiography
- SVAutobiography
- SVAutobiography Dynamic
- SVAutobiography Dynamic
- SVAutobiography Dynamic Blk.
- SVAutobiography Dynamic Blk.
-
Range Rover Evoque
-
Range Rover Velar
- R-Dynamic HSE
- R-Dynamic HSE
- R-Dynamic S, 2.0L Eng VIN X · 2.0L Eng VIN X2022: Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S
- R-Dynamic S, 2.0L Eng VIN X · 2.0L Eng VIN X2022: Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S
- R-Dynamic S, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2022: Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S
- R-Dynamic S, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2022: Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S
- S, 2.0L Eng VIN X · 2.0L Eng VIN X2022: Range Rover Velar S
- S, 2.0L Eng VIN X · 2.0L Eng VIN X2022: Range Rover Velar S
- S, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2022: Range Rover Velar S
- S, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2022: Range Rover Velar S
-
-
LAND ROVER: 2021
-
Discovery
- R-Dynamic HSE
- R-Dynamic HSE
- R-Dynamic S, 2.0L Eng VIN X · 2.0L Eng VIN X2021: Discovery R-Dynamic S
- R-Dynamic S, 2.0L Eng VIN X · 2.0L Eng VIN X2021: Discovery R-Dynamic S
- R-Dynamic S, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2021: Discovery R-Dynamic S
- R-Dynamic S, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2021: Discovery R-Dynamic S
- S
- S
-
Discovery Sport
-
Range Rover
- Autobiography, 2.0L Eng VIN Y · 2.0L Eng VIN Y2021: Range Rover Autobiography
- Autobiography, 2.0L Eng VIN Y · 2.0L Eng VIN Y2021: Range Rover Autobiography
- Autobiography Fifty Edition
- Autobiography Fifty Edition
- 2021 Range Rover Base
- 2021 Range Rover Base
- HSE, 2.0L Eng VIN Y · 2.0L Eng VIN Y2021: Range Rover HSE
- HSE, 2.0L Eng VIN Y · 2.0L Eng VIN Y2021: Range Rover HSE
- HSE, 3.0L Eng VIN K · 3.0L Eng VIN K2021: Range Rover HSE
- HSE, 3.0L Eng VIN K · 3.0L Eng VIN K2021: Range Rover HSE
- HSE Westminster, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2021: Range Rover HSE Westminster
- HSE Westminster, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2021: Range Rover HSE Westminster
- HSE Westminster, 5.0L Eng VIN E · 5.0L Eng VIN E2021: Range Rover HSE Westminster
- HSE Westminster, 5.0L Eng VIN E · 5.0L Eng VIN E2021: Range Rover HSE Westminster
- SVAutobiography
- SVAutobiography
- SVAutobiography Dynamic
- SVAutobiography Dynamic
- SVAutobiography Dynamic Blk.
- SVAutobiography Dynamic Blk.
-
Range Rover Evoque
-
Range Rover Sport
- Autobiography, 2.0L Eng VIN Y · 2.0L Eng VIN Y2021: Range Rover Sport Autobiography
- Autobiography, 2.0L Eng VIN Y · 2.0L Eng VIN Y2021: Range Rover Sport Autobiography
- Autobiography, 5.0L Eng VIN E · 5.0L Eng VIN E2021: Range Rover Sport Autobiography
- Autobiography, 5.0L Eng VIN E · 5.0L Eng VIN E2021: Range Rover Sport Autobiography
- Autobiography Dynamic, 2.0L Eng VIN Y · 2.0L Eng VIN Y2021: Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic
- Autobiography Dynamic, 2.0L Eng VIN Y · 2.0L Eng VIN Y2021: Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic
- Autobiography Dynamic, 5.0L Eng VIN E · 5.0L Eng VIN E2021: Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic
- Autobiography Dynamic, 5.0L Eng VIN E · 5.0L Eng VIN E2021: Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic
- HSE Dynamic
- HSE Dynamic
- HSE Silver Edition, 2.0L Eng VIN Y · 2.0L Eng VIN Y2021: Range Rover Sport HSE Silver Edition
- HSE Silver Edition, 2.0L Eng VIN Y · 2.0L Eng VIN Y2021: Range Rover Sport HSE Silver Edition
- HSE Silver Edition, 3.0L Eng VIN K · 3.0L Eng VIN K2021: Range Rover Sport HSE Silver Edition
- HSE Silver Edition, 3.0L Eng VIN K · 3.0L Eng VIN K2021: Range Rover Sport HSE Silver Edition
- HSE Silver Edition, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2021: Range Rover Sport HSE Silver Edition
- HSE Silver Edition, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2021: Range Rover Sport HSE Silver Edition
- HST
- HST
- SE
- SE
- SVR
- SVR
- SVR Carbon Edition
- SVR Carbon Edition
-
Range Rover Velar
- R-Dynamic HSE
- R-Dynamic HSE
- R-Dynamic S, 2.0L Eng VIN X · 2.0L Eng VIN X2021: Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S
- R-Dynamic S, 2.0L Eng VIN X · 2.0L Eng VIN X2021: Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S
- R-Dynamic S, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2021: Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S
- R-Dynamic S, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2021: Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S
- S, 2.0L Eng VIN X · 2.0L Eng VIN X2021: Range Rover Velar S
- S, 2.0L Eng VIN X · 2.0L Eng VIN X2021: Range Rover Velar S
- S, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2021: Range Rover Velar S
- S, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2021: Range Rover Velar S
-
LAND ROVER: 2020
-
Defender
- 90 First Edition
- 90 First Edition
- 110 First Edition
- 110 First Edition
- 110 HSE
- 110 HSE
- 110 S
- 110 S
- 110 SE
- 110 SE
- 110 X
- 110 X
- 110, 2.0L Eng VIN X · 2.0L Eng VIN X2020: Defender 110
- 110, 2.0L Eng VIN X · 2.0L Eng VIN X2020: Defender 110
- 110, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2020: Defender 110
- 110, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2020: Defender 110
-
Discovery
- HSE, 3.0L Eng VIN K · 3.0L Eng VIN K2020: Discovery HSE
- HSE, 3.0L Eng VIN K · 3.0L Eng VIN K2020: Discovery HSE
- HSE, 3.0L Eng VIN V · 3.0L Eng VIN V2020: Discovery HSE
- HSE, 3.0L Eng VIN V · 3.0L Eng VIN V2020: Discovery HSE
- HSE Luxury, 3.0L Eng VIN K · 3.0L Eng VIN K2020: Discovery HSE Luxury
- HSE Luxury, 3.0L Eng VIN K · 3.0L Eng VIN K2020: Discovery HSE Luxury
- HSE Luxury, 3.0L Eng VIN V · 3.0L Eng VIN V2020: Discovery HSE Luxury
- HSE Luxury, 3.0L Eng VIN V · 3.0L Eng VIN V2020: Discovery HSE Luxury
- Landmark
- Landmark
- SE, 3.0L Eng VIN K · 3.0L Eng VIN K2020: Discovery SE
- SE, 3.0L Eng VIN K · 3.0L Eng VIN K2020: Discovery SE
- SE, 3.0L Eng VIN V · 3.0L Eng VIN V2020: Discovery SE
- SE, 3.0L Eng VIN V · 3.0L Eng VIN V2020: Discovery SE
-
Range Rover
- Autobiography
- Autobiography
- Base, 3.0L Eng VIN K · 3.0L Eng VIN K2020: Range Rover Base
- Base, 3.0L Eng VIN K · 3.0L Eng VIN K2020: Range Rover Base
- Base, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2020: Range Rover Base
- Base, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2020: Range Rover Base
- HSE, 2.0L Eng VIN Y · 2.0L Eng VIN Y2020: Range Rover HSE
- HSE, 2.0L Eng VIN Y · 2.0L Eng VIN Y2020: Range Rover HSE
- HSE, 3.0L Eng VIN K · 3.0L Eng VIN K2020: Range Rover HSE
- HSE, 3.0L Eng VIN K · 3.0L Eng VIN K2020: Range Rover HSE
- HSE, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2020: Range Rover HSE
- HSE, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2020: Range Rover HSE
- HSE, 5.0L Eng VIN E · 5.0L Eng VIN E2020: Range Rover HSE
- HSE, 5.0L Eng VIN E · 5.0L Eng VIN E2020: Range Rover HSE
- SVAutobiography
- SVAutobiography
- SVAutobiography Dynamic
- SVAutobiography Dynamic
-
Range Rover Evoque
-
Range Rover Sport
- Autobiography Dynamic, 2.0L Eng VIN Y · 2.0L Eng VIN Y2020: Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic
- Autobiography Dynamic, 2.0L Eng VIN Y · 2.0L Eng VIN Y2020: Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic
- Autobiography Dynamic, 5.0L Eng VIN E · 5.0L Eng VIN E2020: Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic
- Autobiography Dynamic, 5.0L Eng VIN E · 5.0L Eng VIN E2020: Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic
- HSE, 3.0L Eng VIN K · 3.0L Eng VIN K2020: Range Rover Sport HSE
- HSE, 3.0L Eng VIN K · 3.0L Eng VIN K2020: Range Rover Sport HSE
- HSE, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2020: Range Rover Sport HSE
- HSE, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2020: Range Rover Sport HSE
- HSE, 5.0L Eng VIN E · 5.0L Eng VIN E2020: Range Rover Sport HSE
- HSE, 5.0L Eng VIN E · 5.0L Eng VIN E2020: Range Rover Sport HSE
- HSE Dynamic
- HSE Dynamic
- HSE PHEV
- HSE PHEV
- HST
- HST
- SE, 3.0L Eng VIN K · 3.0L Eng VIN K2020: Range Rover Sport SE
- SE, 3.0L Eng VIN K · 3.0L Eng VIN K2020: Range Rover Sport SE
- SE, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2020: Range Rover Sport SE
- SE, 3.0L Eng VIN U · 3.0L Eng VIN U2020: Range Rover Sport SE
- SVR
- SVR
-
Range Rover Velar
- R-Dynamic HSE
- R-Dynamic HSE
- R-Dynamic S, 2.0L Eng VIN X · 2.0L Eng VIN X2020: Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S
- R-Dynamic S, 2.0L Eng VIN X · 2.0L Eng VIN X2020: Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S
- R-Dynamic S, 3.0L Eng VIN V · 3.0L Eng VIN V2020: Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S
- R-Dynamic S, 3.0L Eng VIN V · 3.0L Eng VIN V2020: Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S
- S, 2.0L Eng VIN X · 2.0L Eng VIN X2020: Range Rover Velar S
- S, 2.0L Eng VIN X · 2.0L Eng VIN X2020: Range Rover Velar S
- S, 3.0L Eng VIN V · 3.0L Eng VIN V2020: Range Rover Velar S
- S, 3.0L Eng VIN V · 3.0L Eng VIN V2020: Range Rover Velar S
- SVAutobiography Dyn.
- SVAutobiography Dyn.
-
P2638
Replace Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
Causes
- Open or short in torque feedback wiring harness
- Corroded, loose, or damaged connector at sensor or control module
- Faulty torque feedback sensor or torque sensor/actuator
- Faulty throttle actuator or related motor (if torque feedback derived from throttle system)
- Faulty PCM/TCM or internal module fault/software error
- Low or unstable battery/charging system voltage
Symptoms
- Check Engine MIL illuminated
- Reduced engine power or limp-home mode
- Poor or delayed throttle response, hesitation, or torque cut
- Transmission shifting abnormalities (depending on system integration)
- Stored DTC(s) related to torque, throttle, or control modules
What to check
- Use a scan tool to read all stored and pending DTCs and freeze-frame data
- Verify battery voltage and charging system before diagnostics (should be ~12.6 V at rest, ~13.5–14.8 V while running)
- Visually inspect wiring and connectors for damage, corrosion, loose pins, or signs of water intrusion
- Backprobe connector and monitor live data for the torque feedback signal while exercising throttle/drive conditions
- Wiggle test wiring with engine running to reproduce fault or cause data dropouts
- Check for related codes (throttle/pedal/actuator) that narrow the fault source
Signal parameters
- Exact parameters vary by vehicle; typical feedback signals are 0–5.0 V analog or a PWM signal (0–100% duty)
- Common expected idle/steady values: within mid-range voltage (≈0.5–4.5 V) and stable; sudden drops to 0 V or constant max (≈5 V) indicate fault
- If PWM: expected frequency usually tens to hundreds of Hz and duty cycle changes smoothly with throttle demand
- Compare live data to manufacturer specifications for that model
Diagnostic algorithm
- Retrieve all codes, freeze frame and live data with a capable scan tool. Note conditions when fault set.
- Verify stable battery/charging voltage. Charge or repair as needed before continuing.
- Perform visual inspection of harnesses/connectors at torque feedback sensor, throttle body, PCM/TCM. Repair obvious damage.
- Clear codes and attempt to reproduce. If intermittent, perform extended road test while monitoring live data.
- Backprobe sensor connector and measure signal with a multimeter or oscilloscope while operating throttle. Confirm signal type (analog or PWM) and compare to spec.
- Check supply voltage and ground pins for the sensor. Repair any open/high-resistance ground or supply circuits.
- Perform continuity and resistance checks between sensor and PCM/TCM to find opens/shorts to power or ground. Repair wiring as required.
- If wiring and supply/ground are good but signal is out of spec, replace the torque feedback sensor or related actuator per manufacturer procedures.
- If replacement sensor/actuator does not correct the issue, consider PCM/TCM fault—verify with module bench tests or replacement and reprogramming as required by manufacturer.
- After repairs, clear codes and perform functional/road test to confirm fault does not return.
Likely causes
- Wiring harness chafed or pinched causing intermittent contact
- Connector corrosion at sensor or module causing high resistance
- Sensor internal failure producing out-of-range voltage or PWM
- Poor ground or supply voltage to sensor/module
- Faulty module output or input circuit (PCM/TCM)
